The environmental risks extend beyond the atmosphere. Marfiah warned that decomposing food waste produces leachate, a toxic liquid that seeps into the soil and contaminates groundwater.

The resulting pollution can trigger eutrophication, a process that depletes oxygen in water bodies, suffocating aquatic life and threatening human water sources.

She added that improper waste management fosters pest infestations, raising public health concerns.

“Blocked drainage systems from waste buildup can also lead to severe urban flooding.”

Beyond methane emissions, excessive landfill waste releases other toxic gases, including ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, further exacerbating air pollution and respiratory health risks.

She emphasised that local authorities must prioritise source separation, enforce regulations on single-use plastics, and encourage responsible waste disposal at bazaars.

“Vendors and visitors must separate food waste from recyclables, and municipal councils should provide labeled bins while incorporating waste management guidelines into rental agreements,” she said.

Additionally, she said better portion control and inventory management among vendors could prevent food overproduction and spoilage, reducing waste generation.

To mitigate methane emissions, Marfiah proposed municipal composting initiatives that divert organic waste from landfills, turning it into fertiliser instead of allowing it to rot and release methane.

“Food donation systems could also prevent edible food from becoming waste while supporting underprivileged communities.”

Public awareness campaigns, she stressed, are essential to educate bazaar visitors on sustainability and climate-friendly waste practices.

Malaysia’s waste management framework falls under several laws, including the Solid Waste and Public Cleaning Management Act 2007 (Act 672), the Streets, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133), and the Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171).

However, enforcement remains inconsistent.

Marfiah noted that the Housing and Local Government Ministry is considering introducing a Littering Act to address waste mismanagement more effectively.

“If such an Act is implemented, first-time offenders could receive a warning. Repeat violations may lead to penalties, including the possibility of being blacklisted,” she said.

To encourage long-term sustainability, she proposed initiatives such as reduced stall fees for vendors using biodegradable packaging, a deposit-return system where customers receive refunds for returning reusable containers, and a Green Vendor Certification to recognise businesses adopting environmentally responsible practices.

“Waste management isn’t just about keeping our streets clean. It’s about preventing a climate disaster. By taking action now, we can significantly cut methane emissions and create a cleaner, more sustainable future for all.”